My Son Dustin, an aspiring improv comedian, was featured on ABC Nightly News last night. See the links for all the hype about the "Three Wolf Moon" T-shirt craze and see my son’s parady.

ABC News  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DeEvnzy0JzQ

NH News http://www.wmur.com/video/19583861/

Dustin’s Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPB45AUmchM

Adirondac Daily Enterprise Story: http://www.adirondackdailyenterprise.com/page/content.detail/id/506742.html

I head out Friday for Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas to work with my colleagues Mat Erpelding and Geof Harrison of Experiential Adventures and others to train the Texas Tech Red Raider Orientation (RRO) student leaders in basic facilitation techniques, discussion management practices, and guide each team in the creation of a full value contract. It should be fun!

I thought folks might like to see what a Student-centered, Problem-based, Experiential, Collaborative (SPEC) lesson might look like in Arabic. Thanks to our Lebanese colleague Claude Khalil for sharing this challenge.

I had an excellent time with the professional trainers affililated with the Rehabilitation and Research and Training Institute in Albany, NY yesterday. The participants were from through the state and applying the Student-centered, Problem-based, Experiential, and Collaborative (SPEC) approach to their training in order to develop Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) seems like a natural step for them. They were an eager and enthusiastic group willing to try new things. I look forward to hearing the results of their application of the activities, tools, and techniques that I shared with them.

Many of you have been great supporters of Leading EDGE and the EBD/SPEC approach to teaching and learning over the years so I am taking the liberty of passing along some exciting news in the hope it will be of interest.

This summer we have a chance to run a Level I, 3-3 EBD/SPEC Institute in the Capital Region BOCES. They are happy to  welcome educators from outside their BOCES to fill up institute enrollment and make it “GO”!

If you have a few folks in your district who are interested in exploring the EBD/SPEC approach, this is a great opportunity to send them to an institute for much less expense than the cost of conducting an  institute of your own.

The dates for the institute are:

Part A      August 17-19
Part B      November 2-4
Cost        $1025 per person
Contact: Lisa Mink – Phone 518-464-3979 – Email: lmink@gw.neric.org  

Contact me for a flyer or more information.

A group of friends went paddling this weekend canoeing a portion of the classic Old Forge to Saranac Lake Canoe route. Depending on the weather conditions we planned to paddle from Old Forge to Seventh lake about 15 miles of the nearly 100 mile route. Sunday morning was windy and cold. The air temperature was in the high thirties. We met at Seventh Lake and saw a brisk wind coming off the lake. One or two of our nine paddlers voiced concern over the wind conditions. As we traveled down to our starting point one of our team members checked out the winds on Fourth Lake and described them as pretty bad. He wisely suggested that we leave a car at a convenient point near the start of Fourth Lake so in case the winds were bad we could get off the lake. I thought it was an excellent idea because it met two of my basic tenants of decision making.

1. Never make a decision before you have to
2. Always have as many contingencies as reasonably possible

I believe it was in a National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) publication that risk was defined as the balance between the chances of something happening with the consequences if it did.  Paul Petzoldt described it in more authentic terms when I was a student on a Wilderness Education Association (WEA) course. The students asked if we should put a fixed line along side a tree we were going to use to cross a brook. His response was very simple, "Only if someone is going to fall." So we struggled, as novice wilderness leaders, to determine whether we needed the fixed line. The tree was nearly three feet in diameter and very easy to walk on. Except on this morning it was just a little icy due to the heavy frost the night before. It was a classic example of the definition of risk. Normally crossing a brook on a tree this size would not trigger the need for a fixed line but in this case because the log was icy (increasing the chance of an incident) and because the brook was a raging torrent (increasing the consequences of an incident) we put up the fixed line. Since no one slipped did it mean we didn’t need it after all?

Now, how does this relate to our canoe trip? I felt the chances of capsizing were higher than normal but I felt the consequences were relatively low because while the water temperatures were cold we were; well dressed, close to shore, and there were houses and a major road along side our route. If we capsized I felt we were in for a cold dunking but nothing worse and I was willing to risk a cold dunking. If I were in a remote area taking part in the same activity I would have come up with an entirely different decision. I think that is what Paul Petzoldt is talking about when he talked about using good judgment.

As it turned out when we got to where we had parked our "extra" vehicle five of our group members thought it was too dangerous for them to continue. I fully respected their desire to end the trip but I have to say that I resented it when one person said, "It is just stupid to continue." I have nearly forty years of outdoor experience and I felt I did a decent job of balancing the chance of us capsizing with the consequences if we did. The two remaining canoes continued paddling down the lake. We encountered high winds at two different points along the next leg of our trip. The first time it wasn’t too bad and we navigated safely around a point to the lee side and continued on. The second time we worked hard to stay near shore yet not get caught in the cross-wind. As we were deciding our next move we looked up and saw one of our companions next to his truck on the shore smiling at us. That made the decision to go to shore an easy one and we decided to call it a day.

Could we have continued paddling safely? It depends how you define safely. I don’t think we would have been at risk of dying of hypothermia but we would have been at a much higher risk of capsizing. I think we made the right decsion both times yesterday. I also think the people that decided to call it a day earlier made the right decision. I felt then and still feel that the consequences of capsizing would not have been catastrophic so I was willing to continue on earlier in the day. Later in the day I felt the chances of capsizing were higher, it was later in the day, and more than half the group had already called it a day. It was a more appropriate time for me to call it a day.

After an Ubu beer and a good dinner at the Adirondack Hotel I have no regrets. It was a great day to practice quality decision making.

Last entry I was lamenting my busy upcoming week. I survived in fine fashion and had some excellent meetings. The Adirondack Curriculum Project had its semi-annual meeting Tuesday and they continue to do terrific things for those that would like to make sure they are teaching to the state standards but would also like to use the Adirondack Park as the theme. They have nearly 100 constructivist-based challenges on their website that can easily be adapted to a variety of grade levels.

Tuesday, as chair of the local planning board, hosted the Village of Saranac Lake & Town of Harrietstown official unveiling of their joint preliminary draft of the Comprehensive Plan. Over sixty people attended and I felt very good about the feedback we collected. The Adirondack Daily Enterprise provided good coverage as did WNBZ. I felt particularly good that the PowerPoint that I prepared and Jeremy Evans presented was well received.

Wednesday I hosted a meeting of select Outdoor Guides for the group developing an Essex County Tourism Plan. The planning efforts for tourisim were explained and input was solicited from the guides. I expect future meetings will determine the role guides want to make in bringing the plan to life.

Friday Zoe Smith of the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Adirondack Communities and Conservation Program and I met with the publisher and editor of the Adirondack Daily Enterprise to discuss the possibility of partnering in publishing an outdoor education piece on how to safely use the public land in the Adirondack Park in conjunction with their publication entitled EMBARK. The meeting was extremely successful and we hope to nail down a more formal agreement in the near future.

Finally Friday afternoon I made a presentation to a group of visiting Chinese natural resource land managers. Their three-day visit to the Adirondack Park was sponsored by the East-West Center. My presentation, at the Wild Center, was titled "The Adirondacks through My Eyes" and attempted to describe my thoughts on the Adirondack Park by following my life, from childhood to today. They seemed to really appreciate how I told the story through my personal life.

It was a busy but fulfilling week. On the personal front my wife, Phyllis, closed on the purchase of nine acres of forested land not too far from our house. It looks like we’ll have a good supply of firewood on hand. We also bought more shares in the community owned "Community Store". I have high hopes that it will soon become a reality.

This coming week isn’t quite as hectic. I travel to Albany on Tuesday to make a presentation on Higher Order Thinking Skills to a group of trainers with the Rehabilitation Research and Training Institute.

It’s Busy Week in the North Country

I visited a colleague at Keene Central School (NY) this morning to start off a busy week for me. It was fun watching Joanne Whitney’s fourth grade class work on a lesson that incorporates social studies (immigration), English (journal writing & public speaking), and technology (word processing). Keene Central School appears to be an excellent school. I was very impressed.

This afternoon I have a meeting to prepare for our local Saranac Lake’s Comprehensive Planning Committee public meeting tomorrow night. Tomorrow night’s meeting is important because if the is first unveiling of a preliminary draft of the plan. Late this afternoon the Adirondack Curriculum Project has their quarterly meeting. I serve as Vice President.

Tuesday I have a bone scan done in anticipation of doing something to my hip this year. I’m considering hip resurfacing or replacement. Tuesday night is the Comprehensive Planning Committee meeting.

Wednesday I meet with some Adirondack Guides to talk about Essex Counties Tourism Plan and then I have a meeting with a possible major partner for the Adirondack Forest Preserve Education Program to publish an information piece that we have been working on for over two years.

Thursday I have my regularly scheduled meeting of the Comprehensive Planning Committee meeting and then hopefully a meeting with a local school superintendent.

Friday I present to a group of visiting Chinese public land managers and talk to them about recreation in the Adirondacks.

In between all this I prepare for going down to Albany next week for a training with the Rehabilitation Research and Training Institute.

Lots of good stuff going on.

There is a nice editorial on Richard Louv’s presentations in our area last weekend in our local paper the Adirondack Daily Enterprise. (link)

One point I would add or reinforce is that while organized sports are great, and I for one grew tremendously because of my involvement in them, they are not a substitute for spending time in nature. Kids need unstructured time in the natural environment where they can go on their own, with friends, and sometimes with parents.

Get your kids out now!

I had a chance to hear James Howard Kunstler (http://jameshowardkunstler.typepad.com/)  speak last night at nearby Paul Smith’s College. I was slightly familiar with him but wow I’m not sure I was really prepared for what he has to say. He is not for the faint of heart and if you are offended easily don’t go to his blog but if you’re the type who gives serious thought about where our nation and the world is heading you need to read what he has to say. He isn’t very optimistic about our future. I encourage you to find out why.

I recently had the pleasure of working again in Beirut, Lebanon. It was my second trip to Beirut and my colleague Cyndi LaPierre’s third. Leading EDGE has been providing six-day trainings (3 days in the fall and 3 days in late winter/early spring) that we do in conjunction with Antioch University New England of Keene, NH. We conduct the training for International College (IC) in Beirut. International College is a private school founded originally in Turkey in 1891 by a Canadian educator. In 1936 it moved to Beirut, Lebanon and became a preparatory school for American University of Beirut. During the Lebanese civil war (1975-90) the school was noted for serving all religious sects. It is interesting to note that the school is accredited not only by the European Council of International Schools but also by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. IC has about 3,400 students and about 20% of the teachers are expatriates (i.e., citizens who have left his or her own country to live in another, usually for a prolonged period) from the U.S. and Canada. We have been working with the middle and high school teachers. It is interesting to note that private schools are very common in Lebanon and I believe make up over 60% of the schools.
 
I love international travel but I must admit that I have gotten to the point where traveling in an airplane for hours on end and taking close to 24 hours by the time I leave my house in Saranac Lake until I get settled in new lodging in some other part of the world, has lost some of its luster. So I left home once again in trepidation of sitting in crowded airplanes and once again I was rewarded so much more than I could have ever expected.  Cyndi and I left from Albany, NY Friday March 20th in the afternoon connecting in Newark where we had a nice dinner in the airport before heading to Paris. We arrived in Paris early in the morning and worked our way through security (again and again) and with a little help from airline officials barely made our flight to Beirut. We arrived in Beirut and got through customs without delay and were met by our IC host Raouf Ghusayni the Director of the Educational Resources Center at International College.  We were taken to our apartment where we were had a chance to settle in and take a short rest before we went out to dinner with Raouf and American International Baccalaureate - Primary Years Programme (PYP) consultant Judy Wooster. We had a wonderful meal of lamb, hummus, tabouli and other Lebanese dishes. I also took part in the traditional Lebanese drink of Arak, an anise flavored alcohol.

After a good night’s sleep (pretty good anyway considering the jet lag) we ate breakfast in our apartment (they had stocked it with cereal, juice and milk) and relaxed for the day trying to overcome our jet lag. Beirut is a typical cosmopolitan city with lots of stores, traffic and billboards hawking everything from Panasonic TVs to Accu-View contact lenses. The traffic patterns are different as there is little in the way of traffic control. People honk their horns continuously but in a polite way to let you know they are there. There is a real (and generally very tolerant and polite) give and take at intersections as a result of the lack of traffic control. My take on it was that drivers clearly had to use good judgment as there were few rules… a true experiential education. The highlight of the day was a long walk along the Mediterranean Sea. The walkway was filled with families out for an afternoon stroll.

The link to my photos (assuming I can get the links to work – I’m still working on getting the hang of this Blog) will provide some interesting shots along Bliss St. Good or bad the impact of western icons such as McDonalds, Krispy Kreme, and Pizza Hut can’t be missed.
Click Here for Photos

Monday, Tuesday and part of Wednesday were spent visiting classrooms at Ras Beirut and Ain Aar. It was fascinating to observe classes taught in Arabic, French and English. We observed math, chemistry, social studies, theory of knowledge and of course English classes taught in English. We observed social studies classes taught in Arabic and observed science classes taught in French. It was amazing to observe the ease with which students transferred from one language to another with apparent ease. Although we couldn’t understand the language spoken in many of the classes, observing a student-centered, problem-based, experiential and collaborative (SPEC) classroom is not language dependent. It was easy and fun to see what a “Full-Value Contract” looks like in English, French, and Arabic (Click here for Photo ). Despite language barriers we had no problem identifying activities, tools, and techniques such as a carousel, quality conversation, debriefs, chunking, huddle groups, brainstorming, jig-saws, product-quality checklists, end-of-the-day logs, thumb tool and targeted skills and dispositions. (If you don’t know what these are then you’re a candidate for our training.:-)

Wednesday afternoon provided an opportunity to meet with teachers and administrators who took part in our first training and explore issues important to them. Thursday, Friday, and Saturday were spent in Part B of our six-day training. The highlight of the training was a scenario role play where the teachers play the role of archeologists and made a presentation to a panel of fellow teachers and administrators after investigating the early development of a student-centered, problem-based, experiential, collaborative (SPEC) classroom model. Their task was to gather evidence challenging the traditional notions of education and schooling which held sway in the world during most of the 20th century and address the questions:

1. Why did educators of the time think that this educational model might meet the needs of their students more successfully than other approaches?
2. What "essential ingredients" seemed to be required for this classroom approach to work?
3. How did educators know if their students were producing quality work or developing their skills?
4. What happened when this approach worked? What happened when it did not work?

The teachers did an excellent job in both their process and product. Click Here for Photos

Sunday we got to play tourist and our wonderful colleague Nayla took us up to the Jietta Grotto which is an incredibly large cavern northeast of Beirut. After a tour of the Grotto we had another unbelievable Lebanese meal in downtown Beirut with Nayla and two additional colleagues Ghada and Karam. The friendship and generosity of these people is nothing short of amazing. A walk around the city center wrapped our afternoon. That evening we had dinner at the “Blue Note” (of course specializing in live jazz) with our host Raouf and his lovely wife Nina. The next morning, March 30th, we were up at 1:00 AM and off to the airport for a 4:00 AM flight to Rome and eventually back to Albany.

My second visit to Beirut was another fantastic experience. Wonderful people, great food in a splendid environment makes the work we do extremely rewarding.

 

 

I had the chance to hear Richard Louv speak twice this past weekend. Once at the Wild Center in Tupper Lake and once at the Whiteface Lodge in Lake Placid. I heard him speak once before at the 2008 Wilderness Education Association Annual Conference where he was the recipient of the Paul Petzoldt Award. Since Paul Petzoldt was my mentor and good friend that event was particularly important to me and I got to share the fact with Mr. Louv that I’m sure Paul would have been thrilled to see him receive the award. Mr. Louv is an excellent speaker and his message a powerful one. A number of things struck me as I listened to him speak.

1. Tom Brown, world renown tracker and author, makes the observation that the white man constantly tries to put things between himself and the natural environment and that makes nature a more alien world. Think about it. At the most elemental level we avoid sitting on the ground and prefer to sit on a chair, a pad, even our clothing. We do almost anything to keep from directly touching the earth. I would say that even outdoor education centers, despite their great value, places us largely one step away from true nature. As I look out on the lake I live on and watch all the pontoon boats head up the lake I realize that one of the reasons these boats are so popular is because people can enjoy nature without getting dirty or uncomfortable but the result is that they are once again insulated from the true natural world. We need to find ways to breakdown the barriers to the natural world and have direct contact with nature.
2. The natural environment is a great place to learn so much more than just about nature. The natural environment is a great place to learn life skills (recently codified as Skills for the 21st Century). Decision making, problem solving, creative thinking, critical thinking and leadership are just some of the life skills that the natural environment help teach. When I was Director of the Wilderness Recreation Leadership Program at North Country Community College graduates would return and almost without exception, those who were not working in the field of outdoor recreation would say something like, "I’m not working in the outdoors but you know I use the skills I learned in the program on a daily basis. I’m constantly having to make decisions, solve problems, take a leadership role. The skills I learned in the outdoors at NCCC did a great job of preparing me for life." The outdoors is a great place to learn that our actions have consequences and if we allow learners to have those authentic experiences then we will have real learning taking place.
3. I believe that the "Last Child In the Woods" movement is excellent but it needs a learning theory to build it around and I would argue that the theory should be constructivism. We need to train people in the understanding of that theory and the practices that go with it. That would improve learning both in the outdoors and indoors.

Those are some of my thoughts this Monday morning after a great weekend. I spent most of Saturday hearing about nature without being in it and on Sunday I got out into nature taking a four mile bushwhack in an area I’d never visited before.

Journal of the New York State Outdoor Education Association

What is Wilderness Recreation Education? Today’s accepted definition of wilderness comes from the 1964 Wilderness Act in which Congress used the definition, an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”¹ Recreation is often defined as the wise use of one’s leisure time. If this is the case, then Wilderness Recreation Education could be defined as instruction in the wise use of one’s leisure time in an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man. Or, in a more condensed form, it could be the instruction in leisure activities in the natural environment that has not suffered from the impact of man.

The basic objectives in offering a Wilderness Recreation Education program are: (1) to offer students an opportunity to be involved with direct learning in the outdoors; (2) to instill
an understanding of ways to exist within and enjoy the wilderness environment; and (3) to develop an awareness of and appreciation for the need to conserve and maintain the wilderness environment for generations to come.

As the length of the work week decreases in our nation and the efficiency of our productivity increases, people are finding more and more leisure time in their lives. The average per capita income is rising, just as the number of working hours is decreasing. In meeting the special problems related to increasing incomes and increasing amounts of leisure time, there is a growing responsibility for our society through educational institutions to provide for the development of recreational skills in all individuals. Millions of people have turned to our wilderness
environment to spend their leisure time, thus putting increased pressure on our limited wilderness resources. Since 1940, the U.S. population has increased 63 %, while trail use in many wilderness areas has increased by 1000%! ²

Recreation Equipment Inc., one of the largest outlets for wilderness recreation equipment, has pointed out that in 1971 their increase in sales over the previous year was more than its total sales in 1967. This would seen to indicate that there were more people using wilderness areas for the first time than the total number of people using such areas in 1967. ³

Future demands on our wilderness resources will increase. The Bureau of Outdoor Recreation conservatively estimates that hiking will increase 78% from 1965 to 1980. Wilderness camping has more than doubled since 1970 in our National Parks. Today, there are an estimated 10 million hikers trying to use a limited amount of wilderness.⁶ The result is a series of related problems, the most serious one being safety. Many individuals swept away by the popularity of wilderness recreation, have not had any formal education in the ways of the wilderness. The result has often been accidents and tragedy. In the Adirondack Mountains alone, there were over 100 search-and-rescue missions conducted during the last two years with several
deaths reported. Two deaths were attributed directly to a lack of knowledge about the outdoors. The individuals were ill prepared, lacked basic knowledge, and in one ease, had poor leadership. Two individuals died of hypothermia also known as the ‘Killer of the Unprepared.”

This past winter there were a number of spectacular rescues which fortunately avoided tragedy. Senseless tragedy was avoided only because of the greater responsibility assumed by State Rangers who have increased their surveillance of individuals using wilderness areas. Tragedy was not avoided, however, when Stephen Thomas became lost in the Adirondack High Peaks last April never to be seen again. One week later, Michael Caruso drowned on the Raquette River. In both incidents basic rules of wilderness travel were broken.

Injury and loss of life are one result of lack of Wilderness Recreation Education, but nearly as important is the growing destruction of our wilderness areas, often unintentionally done, through lack of knowledge. Many wilderness users do not realize the impact they have on
the environment. They often unknowingly erode trails and litter and destroy natural vegetation, especially along lakes and streams. These wilderness users consume vast quantities of firewood and pollute wilderness watersheds with detergents and human waste. These careless actions take a high toll on the environment and take away from the great values inherent in the experience.

The past winter I spent 21 days cross-country skiing and snowshoeing across a large section of our Adirondack wilderness. It was depressing to travel through beautiful woods only to come upon a lean-to in which someone had torn up a portion of the floor to start a fire or to see someone’s garbage strewn around the campsite. Other’s thoughtlessness detracted from my own wilderness experience.

There is a definite need to inform people of the proper outdoor procedures so that their negative impact on the environment will be limited. First, we must develop and promote exemplary behavior patterns for wilderness living. Second, we must develop a wilderness ethic through which individuals can appreciate and learn to care for our wilderness resources. Without the development of exemplary behavior patterns and a wilderness ethic, all of the wilderness areas that Congress has set aside for posterity seem doomed. Paul Petzoldt, founder of the National Outdoor Leadership School, has stated, “Classified wilderness regions are not being threatened by mining, timbering, or ranching interests; the destruction is coming from those very people who fought so gallantly to get the (Wilderness) act passed. All the study, thought, and effort was devoted to putting a legislative fence around primitive areas rather than developing techniques for their proper use and conservation.”⁸

With the increasing number of people interested in taking advantage of our wilderness areas, we have another complex problem. Not only do we have abuse of the wilderness, but we have overuse, with too many people often crowding together to create an urban setting within the wilderness. This not only increases wilderness abuse, but greatly detracts from the value of the wilderness experience. While education alone cannot remedy this problem totally, it is noteworthy to point out that studies have shown that the carrying capacity of a wilderness area (the number of people an area can hold before the wilderness becomes damaged and loses its natural character) is more than doubled if campers have experienced a program in wilderness recreation education!

These are some of the problems in wilderness recreation. A vocational, avocational Wilderness Recreation Education program could help meet these problems head-on. Through wilderness Recreation Education, individuals could acquire the skills necessary to pursue wholesome outdoor recreational activities without overtaxing our wilderness resources; individuals could acquire the leadership skills and knowledge of the dangers often involved in outdoor experiences, how to avoid or how to handle them, should they occur; individuals could learn the exemplary behavior patterns necessary to preserve wilderness areas, thus allowing large numbers of people to make use of our wild outdoors, yet still maintaining the natural wilderness experience. An important by-product will be increasing the carrying capacity of wilderness areas, thus limiting or preventing overuse.

Unfortunately, there are not enough outdoor education programs today that are helping to meet these goals. We have a critical choice - we can work, through education, to prevent the tragedy and destruction occurring within our wilderness areas or we can have government agencies regulate our wilderness resources until they resemble a large Central Park rather than a true wilderness. Restrictive regulatory measures are already being taken by the National Forest Service, National Park Service, and state wilderness management agencies. But these policies are unfortunately, though necessarily, more concerned with controlling numbers of people than with educating the public in wise use of the wilderness areas. The day has already come where we must reserve space in a wilderness camping area and we can only camp in specific locations. Unless we carefully educate, the freedom of wandering through wilderness areas and appreciating their splendid wonders will be lost. No longer will wilderness be, “an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man…”

We must not let this happen. Sound programs in Wilderness Recreation Education can no longer be seen as vague, distant options. They are basic and become more of a critical need each year. Our future and that of our children depend on it!

1. Howard Zahniser. 1964 Wilderness Act, quoted by ed. Melville Bell Grosvenor in Wilderness U.S.A. (Washing­ton, D.C., National
Geographic Society, 1973), p. 10.

2. Harvey Manning, “Where Did All These Damn Hikers Come From?”, Backpacker, 10 (Spring, 1975), p. 39-

4. Robert C. Lucas and Robert P. Rinehart, “The Neglected Hiker”, Backpacker, 13 (February, 1976), p.
35.

5. “In His Own Words”, People, (June 7, 1976), p. 54.

6. Maurice H. Pomeranz, “Backpacking Becomes Big Business”, Backpacker, 5 (Spring, 1974), p. 32.

7. “32 Search and Rescue Missions in High Peaks Area Conducted in 1974”, Lake Placid News,
(December 5, 1974).

8. Paul Petzoldt, The Wilderness Handbook, (New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1974).